Investigation into IoT Based Smart Air Conditioning Control for Energy Savings in University Offices in Makurdi LGA, Benue State
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Background of the study
University offices in Makurdi LGA, Benue State, are increasingly challenged by high energy consumption, particularly due to inefficient air conditioning (AC) systems. The rapid growth of campus infrastructure and the need for comfortable working environments have made energy management a priority. IoT‑based smart air conditioning control systems offer a promising solution by integrating sensor networks, data analytics, and automated control mechanisms to optimize energy usage (Okeke, 2023). These systems continuously monitor indoor temperatures, humidity, and occupancy levels, adjusting AC output dynamically to meet comfort requirements while minimizing energy waste (Emeka & Nwosu, 2024).
Traditional AC systems in university offices operate on fixed schedules or manual adjustments, which often lead to energy overconsumption and increased operational costs. In contrast, IoT‑driven systems leverage real‑time data to provide precise control over cooling requirements, ensuring that energy is used only when and where needed. This approach not only enhances occupant comfort but also contributes significantly to reducing the environmental footprint of the institution. The integration of IoT technology in AC control has the potential to transform energy management practices in academic environments, fostering both economic and environmental benefits (Adebayo, 2023).
However, the implementation of these smart systems is not without its challenges. Many university offices in Makurdi are hindered by aging infrastructure, insufficient technical support, and budgetary constraints that make upgrading to advanced AC systems difficult. Additionally, ensuring seamless connectivity and data integrity across multiple sensors and control units remains a major technical hurdle (Udo, 2023). There is also the issue of data privacy and cybersecurity, as the increased reliance on networked devices introduces vulnerabilities that must be managed. Furthermore, staff training and change management are critical to ensure the successful adoption of new technologies in traditionally operated environments (Okeke, 2023).
This study aims to investigate the potential of IoT‑based smart AC control systems to reduce energy consumption in university offices in Makurdi LGA. By analyzing current energy usage patterns, evaluating system performance, and identifying implementation challenges, the research seeks to develop a comprehensive framework that enhances energy efficiency while maintaining optimal working conditions. The findings are expected to inform policy decisions and provide a replicable model for energy savings in similar institutional settings (Emeka & Nwosu, 2024).
Statement of the problem
University offices in Makurdi LGA are grappling with escalating energy costs due to inefficient air conditioning systems. Traditional AC setups, often governed by static programming, lead to excessive energy use, particularly during off‑peak periods or in unoccupied spaces (Adebayo, 2023). This inefficiency not only results in higher operational expenses but also contributes to a larger carbon footprint, undermining efforts toward sustainable energy management. The absence of real‑time monitoring and adaptive control exacerbates these issues, leaving institutions with systems that cannot respond to changing environmental or occupancy conditions.
The challenges are multifaceted. Aging infrastructure and limited technical support hinder the adoption of modern IoT solutions that could dynamically manage AC usage. Unreliable network connectivity and power fluctuations further compromise the efficiency and reliability of potential IoT‑based control systems (Udo, 2023). Additionally, there is a pronounced skills gap among facility management staff, which complicates the operation and maintenance of advanced control systems. The financial burden associated with upgrading existing systems and investing in new technologies poses another significant barrier, particularly for institutions operating on tight budgets (Okeke, 2023).
Moreover, data security and privacy concerns are paramount when deploying IoT devices in a networked environment. Without robust cybersecurity measures, the system could be vulnerable to unauthorized access or manipulation, potentially disrupting critical operations (Emeka & Nwosu, 2024). This study aims to systematically identify these barriers and assess the potential of IoT‑based smart AC control systems in reducing energy consumption. By doing so, it seeks to propose a viable framework that addresses technical, operational, and security challenges, ultimately enhancing energy efficiency and reducing costs in university offices in Makurdi LGA.
Objectives of the study
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To analyze current energy consumption patterns of AC systems in university offices in Makurdi LGA.
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To evaluate the performance of IoT‑based smart AC control systems in optimizing energy usage.
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To develop an implementation framework that addresses technical and security challenges while maximizing energy savings.
Research questions
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What are the primary factors contributing to high energy consumption in traditional AC systems in university offices?
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How can IoT‑based smart AC control systems dynamically adjust energy usage in real‑time?
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What measures are required to overcome infrastructural and cybersecurity challenges in implementing these systems?
Significance of the study
This study is crucial for enhancing energy efficiency in university offices in Makurdi LGA by demonstrating the potential of IoT‑based smart AC control systems. The research will provide actionable insights for facility managers, IT professionals, and policymakers, highlighting pathways to reduce operational costs and environmental impact. By addressing technical, infrastructural, and security challenges, the study contributes to sustainable energy management practices in academic institutions. Its findings can serve as a model for similar environments, promoting wider adoption of smart energy solutions and improved comfort for building occupants (Okeke, 2023; Emeka & Nwosu, 2024).
Scope and limitations of the study
This study is limited to the evaluation of IoT‑based smart AC control systems for energy savings in university offices in Makurdi LGA, focusing on technical performance, infrastructural readiness, and cybersecurity challenges. Broader applications in other building types are not addressed.
Definitions of terms
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IoT (Internet of Things): A network of interconnected devices that share data in real‑time for automated control and monitoring.
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Smart AC Control: An automated system that adjusts air conditioning settings based on real‑time environmental and occupancy data.
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Energy Efficiency: The ratio of useful energy output to total energy input, reflecting the effectiveness of energy use.
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